Public Opinion Poll (VCIOM Analytical Center): September — October 2025

Abstract

VCIOM-Sputnik daily survey results. The survey method are (1) a formalized telephone interview based on a stratified random sample recruited from a complete list of landline and mobile phone numbers operating in Russia (1,600 respondents aged 18 and older in each survey) and (2) an online survey conducted by a formalized questionnaire based on the VCIOM-Online probability panel (panelists are recruited in the course of the daily all-Russian telephone survey mentioned above). The data were weighted for the probability of selection and reflect social and demographic characteristics. The margin of error at a 95% confidence level does not exceed 2.5%. In addition to sampling error, minor changes in question wording and different circumstances arising during the fieldwork can introduce bias into the survey.