Retirement as a Milestone in Life: Image of the Desired Future and Experience of Planning One’s Life
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2024.3.2535Keywords:
life planning, retirement age, adaptation to life in retirement, image of the desired future, patterns of strategizingAbstract
The article presents the results of a study of older people, «pre-retirees» and «early retirees» (retired not more than five years ago). The purpose of the study is to describe approaches to planning one's life after retirement.
The study is based on the materials of a survey conducted using a multi-stage stratified sample (N = 1025) in May and June 2023 in Moscow. Analysis of these data reveals that the shares of those who make plans and those who do not make plans are roughly comparable: 56% vs. 44%. Most often people start thinking about plans for the period after reaching retirement age only after the age of 50 (29%) or on the eve of their fiftieth birthday (16%). Women are more inclined to plan. It is not surprising that the most common images of the future are associated with women's plans and relate to the arrangement of their local living space (house, dacha, garden), or the space of communication with relatives. The data also reveals the demand for various types of self-realization.
The study shows that the practice of planning the future in retirement is related to the presence or absence of strategizing experience in the past. The assessment of the prevalence of this practice allowed the authors to identify the areas in respect of which people more often make plans and which they consider useful for planning: family and birth of children, profession and career, work, family budget, home and housing. Income and expenditures, savings, profession, and career turn out to be the most difficult for to achieving the intended goals. It is shown that the younger the group is, the less often the respondents talk about the fulfillment of the intended plans.
Based on their analysis, the authors make an assumption about the propensity to make plans: behind the age characteristics are complex generational differences with different attitudes to managing one's life, career, family, health, and other aspects of life. Behind these differences lies a fundamental revolution in everyday and strategic practices — the rejection of «standard biography» in favor of «reflective biography».
References
Алешникова В. И., Бурцева Т. А., Нуриддинов З. А. Социальный эффект реализации стратегии активного долголетия // Управление. 2020. Т. 8. № 4. С. 86—93. https://doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2020-8-4-86-93.
Aleshnikova V. I., Burtseva T. A., Nuriddinov Z. A. (2020) Social Effect of Implementing Active Longevity Strategies. Upravlenie / Management (Russia). Vol. 8. No. 4. P. 86—93. https://doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2020-8-4-86-93. (In Russ.)
Большакова Г. А. Сравнительный анализ копинг-стратегий у лиц пожилого возраста с разными стратегиями старения // Student Research: сборник статей VIII Международного научно-практического конкурса / Отв. ред. Г. Ю. Гуляев. Пенза: МЦНС «Наука и просвещение», 2019. С. 147—150.
Bolshakova G. A. (2019) Comparative Analysis of Coping Strategies in the Elderly with Different Aging Strategies. In: Gulayev G. Yu. (ed.) Student Research. Penza: Science and Education Press. P. 147—150. (In Russ.)
Бондаренко И. Н. Социокультурная адаптация пожилого населения Российской Федерации в условиях переходной экономики: автореф. дисс. … канд. педагог. наук. М.: Московский государственный университет культуры и искусства, 2001.
Bondarenko I. N. (2001) Socio-Cultural Adaptation of the Elderly Population of the Russian Federation in a Transitional Economy. Extended Abstract of the PhD Dissertation in Pedagogy. Moscow: Moscow State Art and Cultural University. (In Russ.)
Вознюк Ю. А., Сапожникова Е. Е. Смысложизненные ориентации и удовлетворенность жизнью пенсионеров с разным рабочим статусом // International Journal of Medicine and Psychology. 2022. Т. 5. № 4. C. 81—87.
Voznyuk Y. U., Sapozhnikova E. E. (2022) Meaningful Life Orientations and Life Satisfaction of Pensioners with Different Working Status. International Journal of Medicine and Psychology. V. 5. No. 4. P. 81—87. (In Russ.)
Григорьева И. А. Старение и пожилые в современной российской социологии // Старшее поколение современной России / Под ред. З. Х. Саралиевой. Н. Новгород: Нижегородский госуниверситет им. Н. И. Лобачевского, 2021. С. 20—23.
Grigoryeva I. A. (2021) Ageing and Elderly People in Modern Russian Sociology. In: Saralieva Z. Kh. (ed.) The Older Generation of Modern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod: Lobachevsky State University. Р. 20—23. (In Russ.)
Ермолаева М. В., Подольский А. И. Страх старости ― страх жизни // Образование личности. 2016. № 4. С. 34—40.
Ermolaeva M. V., Podolskiy A. I. (2016) Fear of Old Age — Fear of Life. Personality Formation. No. 4. P. 34—40. (In Russ.)
Жучкова С. М. Социально-психологические детерминанты удовлетворенности жизнью в пожилом и старческом возрасте: автореф. дисс. … канд. психол. наук. М.: Московский государственный областной университет, 2018.
Zhuchkova S. M. (2018) Socio-Psychological Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Elderly and Old Age. Extended Abstract of the PhD Dissertation in Psychology. Moscow: Moscow State Regional University. (In Russ.)
Конарева И. Н., Сергиенко М. И. Особенности одиночества и удовлетворенности жизнью в позднем возрасте // Ученые записки Крымского ФУ им. В. Вернадского. Социология. Педагогика. Психология. 2015. Т. 1. № 4. С. 182—194.
Konareva I. N., Sergienko M. I. (2015) Peculiarities of Loneliness and Life Satisfaction in the Late Age. Scientific Notes of Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Vol. 1. No. 4. P. 182—194. (In Russ.)
Кулешова Л. Н., Стрижицкая О. Ю. Активность личности как потенциал развития в период поздней взрослости // Вестник СПбГУ. Серия 12. Психология. Социология. Педагогика. 2008. № 4. С. 111—118.
Kuleshova L. N., Strizhitskaya O. Yu. (2008) Personality Activity as a Potential of Development in Late Adulthood Period. Vestnik of St. Petersburg State University. No. 4. P. 111—118. (In Russ.)
Лежнина Л. В., Большакова Г. А. Пассивная стратегия старения: психологические особенности и возможности коррекции // Научное мнение. 2020. № 4. С. 67—72.
Lezhnina L.V., Bolshakova G.A. (2020) Passive Aging Strategy: Psychological Features and Correction Possibilities. The Scientific Opinion. No. 4. P. 67—72. (In Russ.)
Ляхова М. А. Психологические составляющие жизненной стратегии личности // Вестник КемГУ. 2010. № 3. С. 83—90.
Lyahova M. A. (2010) Psychological Components of the Personality Life Strategy. Vestnik of Kemerovo State University. No. 3. P. 83—90. (In Russ.)
Мануильская К. М, Рогозин Д. М., Солодовникова О. Б. Дорожная карта старения. М.: Дело РАНХиГС, 2022.
Manuilskaya K. M., Rogozin D. M., Solodovnikova O. B. (2022) A Road Map of Aging. Moscow: Delo RANEPA. (In Russ.)
Павлова Н. С., Сергиенко Е. А. Качество жизни и временная перспектива на этапе позднего онтогенеза // Вестник Костромского государственного университета. Серия: Педагогика. Психология. Социокинетика. 2020а. Т. 26. № 2. С. 47—55. https://doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-2-47-55.
Pavlova N. S., Sergiyenko E. A. (2020a) Life Quality and Time Perspective at the Late Ontogenesis Stage. Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics. Vol. 25. No. 2. P. 47—55. https://doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-2-47-55. (In Russ.)
Павлова Н. С., Сергиенко Е. А. Субъективное качество жизни, психологическое благополучие, отношение к временной перспективе и возрасту у пенсионеров, ведущих разный образ жизни // Вестник СПбГУ. Психология. 2020б. Т. 10. № 4. С. 384—401. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2020.401.
Pavlova N. S., Sergienko E. A. (2020b) Subjective Life Quality, Psychological Well-Being and Attitude to the Time Perspective as well as Age among Pensioners Leading Different Lifestyles. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology. Vol. 10. No. 4. P. 384—401. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2020.401. (In Russ.)
Пацакула И. И., Хачикян Е. И., Зайчикова И. В. Социально-психологические особенности принятия старости // Прикладная юридическая психология. 2020. № 2. С. 94—100.
Patsakula I. I., Khachikyan E. I., Zaichikova I. V. (2020) Socio-Psychological Features of Accepting Old Age. Applied Legal Psychology. № 2. P. 94—100. (In Russ.)
Рогозин Д. М. Либерализация старения или труд, знания и здоровье в старшем возрасте // Старикам тут место: социальное осмысление старения / Под ред. Д. М. Рогозина, А. А. Ипатовой. М.: Институт социологии РАН, 2016. С. 8—41.
Rogozin D. M. (2016) Liberalization of Aging or Work, Knowledge and Health in Old Age. In: Rogozin D. M., Ipatova A. A. (eds.) Old People Belong Here: Social Understanding of Aging. Moscow: Sociological Institute, RAS. P. 8—41. (In Russ.)
Синягин Ю. В., Переверзина О. Ю., Яковлева Ю. А., Полякова А. В. Основные подходы к исследованию жизненных стратегий личности // Акмеология. 2010. № 1. С.27—35.
Sinyagin Yu. V., Pereverzina O. Yu., Yakovleva Yu. A., Polyakova A. V. (2010) Basic Approaches to the Study of Life Strategies of Individual. Acmeology. No. 1. P. 27—35.
Согомонов А. Ю. Генеология успеха и неудач. М.: Солтэкс, 2005.
Sogomonov A. Yu. (2005) Genealogy of Success and Failures. Moscow: Solteks.
Старшее поколение современной России / Под ред. З. Х. Саралиевой. Н. Новгород: ННГУ им. Н. И. Лобачевского, 2021.
Saralieva Z. Kh. (ed.) (2021) The Older Generation of Modern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod: Lobachevsky State University. (In Russ.)
Суслова Т. Ф. Социальная активность личности как детерминанта позитивной адаптации и полноценной жизни в пенсионном возрасте // Современная зарубежная психология. 2017. Т. 6. № 3. C. 63—70. https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2017060307.
Suslova T. F. (2017) Social Activity of the Personality as a Determinant of Positive Adaptation and Full-Fledged Life at Retirement Age. Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology. Vol. 6. No. 3. P. 63—70. https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2017060307. (In Russ.)
Суслова Т. Ф., Жучкова С. М. Исследование удовлетворенности жизнью и смысложизненных ориентаций в пожилом и старческом возрасте // Социальная психология и общество. 2014. Т. 5. № 3. С. 78—89.
Suslova T. F., Zhuchkova S. M. (2014) Research on Life Satisfaction and Life Orientations in Late Adulthood. Social Psychology and Society. Vol. 5. No. 3. P. 78—89. (In Russ.)
Тунгусова Е. В. Исследование жизненной стратегии и отношения к старости у сотрудников предпенсионного и пенсионного возрастов // Медицина. Социология. Философия. Прикладные исследования. 2021. № 3. C. 114—120.
Tungusova E.V. (2021) Research of Life Strategy and Attitude to Old Age in Employees of Pre-Retirement and Retirement Age. Medicine. Sociology. Philosophy. Applied Research. No. 3. P. 114—120. (In Russ.)
Юшкова С. А., Дорошенко М. В. Стратегии пенсионного поведения в условиях реформирования пенсионной системы // Власть. 2019. Т. 27. № 1. C. 41—46.
Yushkova S. A. Doroshenko M. V. (2019) Strategies for Retirement Behavior in the Context of Reforming the Pension System. The Authority. Vol. 27. No. 1. P. 41—46. (In Russ.)
Airey L., Lain D., Jandrić J., Loretto W. (2021) A Selfish Generation? ‘Baby Boomers’, Values, and the Provision of Childcare for Grandchildren. The Sociological Review. Vol.69. No. 4. Р. 812—829. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026120916104.
Alwajud-Adewusi M.-B. (2021) Exploring Coping Strategies of Retired Elderly Persons in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria: Implication for Counselling. Inkanyiso: Journal of African Thought. Vol.13. No. 1. P. 137—148. https://doi.org/10.4102/ink.v13i1.22.
Atalay K., Staneva A. (2022) Waiting to Get a Pension: The Impact of Pension Eligibility on Psychological Distress. Health Economics. Vol. 31. No. 6. P. 940—955. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4488.
Awang H., Mansor N., Peng T. N., Osman N. A. N. (2018) Understanding Ageing: Fear of Chronic Diseases Later in Life. The Journal of International Medical Research. Vol. 46. No. 1. P. 175—184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517710857.
Baeriswyl M., Oris M. (2023) Social Participation and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults: Diversity of Practices and Social Inequality in Switzerland. Ageing and Society. Vol. 43. No. 6. P. 1259—1283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21001057.
Barsukov V. N. (2018) Barriers to Social Integration of the Older Generation in the Context of Intergenerational Communication Issues. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast. Vol. 11. No. 5. P. 214—230. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2018.5.59.14.
Cahill K., Giandrea M., Quinn J. (2006) Retirement Patterns from Career Employment. The Gerontologist. Vol. 46. No. 4. P. 514—523. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.4.514.
Calvo E., Sarkisian N., Tamborini C. (2013) Causal Effects of Retirement Timing on Subjective Physical and Emotional Health. The Journal of Gerontology. Vol. 68. No. 1. P. 73—84. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs097.
Coole D. (2012) Reconstructing the Elderly: A Critical Analysis of Pensions and Population Policies in an Era of Demographic Ageing. Contemporary Political Theory. Vol. 11. P. 41—67. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpt.2011.12.
Corman S. (2022) The Elderly Activities before and after Retirement. MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 373. Art. 00071. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237300071.
De los Santos J., Labrague L., Milla N. (2020) Happiness and Retirement Readiness among Pre-Retiring Employees: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ageing International. Vol. 45. P. 85—98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-019-09351-z.
Dingemans E., Henkens K. (2019) Working After Retirement and Life Satisfaction: Cross-National Comparative Research in Europe. Research on Aging. Vol. 41. No. 7. P. 648—669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027519830610.
Fasbender U., Wang M., Voltmer J.-B., Deller J. (2016) The Meaning of Work for Post-Retirement Employment Decisions. Work, Aging and Retirement. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 12—23. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wav015.
Frimmel W. (2021) Later Retirement and the Labor Market Re-Integration of Elderly Unemployed Workers. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing. Vol. 19. Art. 100310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100310.
Giddens A. (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Giddens A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Henning G., Stenling А., Bielak А., Bjälkebring Р., Gow А., Kivi М., Muniz-Terrera G., Johansson B., Lindwall M. (2021) Towards an Active and Happy Retirement? Changes in Leisure Activity and Depressive Symptoms during the Retirement Transition. Aging & Mental Health. Vol. 25. No. 4. P. 621—631. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1709156.
Hinrichs K. (2021) Recent Pension Reforms in Europe: More Challenges, New Directions. An Overview. Social Policy and Administration. Vol. 55. No. 3. P. 409—422. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12712.
Jamadar C., Chawla S. (2020) Effect of Loneliness on Death Anxiety among Elderly People. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 665—672. https://doi.org/10.25215/0802.077.
Kang S. K. (2010) The Effects of Social Activities and Fear of Death on Depression in the Elderly. Health and Social Welfare Review. Vol. 30. No. 2. P. 85—109. https://doi.org/10.15709/hswr.2010.30.2.85.
Ketkaew C., Van Wouwe M., Jorissen F., Cassimon D., Vichitthamaros P., Wongsaichia S. (2022) Towards Sustainable Retirement Planning of Wageworkers in Thailand: A Qualitative Approach in Behavioral Segmentation and Financial Pain Point Identification. Risks. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. Art. 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10010008.
Kettunen E., Kari T., Frank L. (2022) Digital Coaching Motivating Young Elderly People towards Physical Activity. Sustainability. Vol. 14. No. 13. Art. 7718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137718.
Kuitto K., Helmdag J. (2021) Extending Working Lives: How Policies Shape Retirement and Labour Market Participation of Older Workers. Social Policy and Administration. Vol. 55. No. 3. P. 423—439. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12717.
Lazarus R., Folkman S. (1984) Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York, NY: Springer.
Lestari S. K., de Luna X., Eriksson M., Malmberg G., Ng N. (2021) A Longitudinal Study on Social Support, Social Participation, and Older Europeans’ Quality of life. SSM — Population Health. Vol. 13. Art. 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100747.
Liu C., Bai X., Knapp M. (2022) Multidimensional Retirement Planning Behaviors, Retirement Confidence, and Post-Retirement Health and Well-Being Among Chinese Older Adults in Hong Kong. Applied Research in Quality of Life. Vol. 17. P. 833—849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09901-7.
Liu S., He H., Gao H. (2024) The Effect of Social Pension on Health-Related Quality of Life of the Rural Older People: A Panel Study from China. BMC Geriatrics. Vol. 24. Art. 291. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04880-y. Art. 291. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04880-y.
Massingham P., Chandrakumara A. (2019) Generational Differences in Work Values and Attitudes: Reintroducing Retirees to the Workforce. Journal of Population Ageing. Vol. 12. No. 4. P. 491—513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-019-09250-w.
Odone A., Gianfredi V., Vigezzi G. P., Amerio A., Ardito C., d’Errico A., Stuckler D., Costa G. (2021) Does Retirement Trigger Depressive Symptoms? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. Vol. 30. Art. e77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796021000627.
Ofori E. (2021) Financial Planning for Retirement of Self-Employed Workers in the Ghanaian Economy. International Journal of Social Economics. Vol. 48. No. 6. P. 811—825. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2020-0189.
Principi A., Smeaton D., Cahill K., Santini S., Barnes H., Socci M. (2020) What Happens to Retirement Plans, and Does This Affect Retirement Satisfaction? The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. Vol. 90. No. 2. P. 152—175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018796627.
Riekhoff A.-J. (2020) Pension Reforms, the Generational Welfare Contract and Preferences for Pro‐Old Welfare Policies in Europe. Social Policy and Administration. Vol. 55. No. 3. P. 501—518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12678.
Roesch S., Weiner B., Vaughn A. (2002) Cognitive Approaches to Stress and Coping. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. Vol. 15. P. 627—632. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200211000-00012.
Skinner E. A., Edge K., Altman J., Sherwood H. (2003) Searching for the Structure of Coping: A Review and Critique of Category Systems for Classifying Ways of Coping. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 129. No. 2. P. 216—269. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216.
Ross C. E., Drentea P. (1998) Consequences of Retirement Activities for Distress and the Sense of Personal Control. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. Vol. 39. No. 4. P. 317—334.
Seeman T. E., Lusignolo T. M., Albert M., Berkman L. (2001) Social Relationships, Social Support, and Patterns of Cognitive Aging in Healthy, High-Functioning Older Adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Health Psychology. Vol. 20. No. 4. P. 243—255. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.20.4.243.
Sharpley C. F., Layton R. (1998) Effects of Age of Retirement, Reason for Retirement, and Pre-Retirement Training on Psychological and Physical Health during Retirement. Australian Psychologist. Vol. 33. No. 2. P. 119—124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069808257392.
Stevens M., Cruwys T., Haslam C., Wang V. (2021) Social Group Memberships, Physical Activity, and Physical Health Following Retirement: A Six‐Year Follow‐Up from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. British Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 26. No. 2. P. 505—524. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12506.
Topa G., Moriano J. A., Depolo M., Alcover C.-M., Morales J. F. (2009) Antecedents and Consequences of Retirement Planning and Decision-Making: A Meta-Analysis and Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior. Vol. 75. No. 1. P. 38—55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.002.
Townsend P. (1981) The Structured Dependency of the Elderly: A Creation of Social Policy in the Twentieth Century. Ageing and Society. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 5—28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X81000020.
Williamson O. E. (1991) Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 12. No. S2. P. 75—94. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250121007.
Zhang H., Li Sh., Dai W., Wang H. (2023) The Effect of Reverse Intergenerational Support on the Happiness of Chinese Older Adults: A Moderating Effect Analysis Based on Role Conflict. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 13. Art. 1080772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1080772.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
