The Category of Trust in Mass Media in the Conditions of Information Turbulence: Time to Update the Concepts?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2024.6.2529

Keywords:

media, trust, level of trust, information turbulence, sources of information

Abstract

The article is staged and problem-oriented. It is devoted to defining the boundaries and characteristics of the new phenomenology of trust in media. The authors suggest that the information turbulence currently observed in the Russian Federation may indeed cause potential changes in this phenomenology.

The novelty of the approach proposed lies in the attempt to understand how representatives of the Russian audience in the current situation make their decisions about trusting certain media and in the attempt to conceptualize doubt as a category that can play a large role in the process of forming a critical attitude to texts, authors, brands, and distrust.

As a result of the study, it became clear that the “classical” factors used by researchers to determine the level of (perceived) trust in media are now fading into the background: audiences may consume media content while doubting its reliability. In addition to the phenomenon of a priori doubt, the authors also identify and describe the phenomenon of “forced media consumption.” In practical terms, the results obtained from the study can be considered by modern content authors and media companies for whom the level of audience trust is important.

Author Biographies

Andrei V. Vyrkovsky, Lomonosov Moscow State University

  • Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
    • Dr. Sci. (Philology), Associate Professor, acting Head of the Department of New Media and Communication Theory, Faculty of Journalism

Yuliya F. Shamsutdinova, Lomonosov Moscow State University

  • Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
    • Cand. Sci. (Philology), Senior Lecturer at the Department of New Media and Communication Theory, Faculty of Journalism

References

Большой психологический словарь / под ред. Мещеряковой Б.Г., Зинченко В.П. СПб.: Прайм-Еврознак, 2003.

Meshcheryakova B.G., Zinchenko V.P. (eds.) (2003) Large Psychological Dictionary. Saint Petersburg: Prajm-Evroznak. (In Russ.)

Вартанова Е.Л. Меняющаяся российская медиаиндустрия: теоретические подходы // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Язык и литература. 2018. Т. 15. Вып. 2. С. 186-196. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu09.2018.203.

Vartanova E.L. (2018) Changing Russian Media Industry: Theoretical Approaches. Vestnik of St. Petersburg University. Language and Literature. Vol. 15. No. 2: 186-196. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu09.2018.203. (In Russ.)

Вырковский А.В., Макеенко М.И. Возможности влияния неинституционализированных производителей развлекательного и познавательного контента на аудиторию // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 10. Журналистика. 2021. № 5. С. 74-99. https://doi.org/10.30547/vestnik.journ.5.2021.7499.

Vyrkovsky A.V., Makeenko M.I. (2021) Potential for Non-Instutionalized Creators of Entertainment and Educational Content to Influence the Audience. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 10. Zhurnalistika. No. 5. P. 74-99. https://doi.org/10.30547/vestnik.journ.5.2021.7499. (In Russ.)

Кожемякин Е.А., Красикова Т.Р. Доверие студенческой аудитории и профессионального медийного сообщества к различным типам медиатекстов: сравнительный анализ // Культура и текст. 2012. № 1. С. 34-43.

Kozhemyakin E.A., Krasikova T.R. (2012) Trust of Student Audience and Professional Media Communities to Various Types of Media Texts: Comparative Analysis. Culture and Text. No. 1. P. 34-43. (In Russ.)

Макеенко М.И., Вырковский А.В. Онлайн-производители развлекательного контента как участники социально-политических процессов // Меди@льманах. 2021. № 6. С. 24-31.

Makeenko M.I., Vyrkovsky A.V. (2021) Online Producers of Entertainment Content as Participants in Socio-Political Processes. MediaAlmanah [Mediaalmanac]. No. 6. P. 24-31. (In Russ.)

Нигматуллина К.Р. Место социальных сетей в развитии региональной журналистики в России // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 10. Журналистика. 2021. № 1. C. 30-51. https://doi.org/10.30547/vestnik.journ.1.2021.3051.

Nigmatullina K.R. (2021) The Role of Social Networks in the Development of Regional Journalism in Russia. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 10. Zhurnalistika. No. 1. P. 30-51. https://doi.org/10.30547/vestnik.journ.1.2021.3051. (In Russ.)

Терченко Э.Б. Влияние публикаций в СМИ на принятие решений представителями российского делового сообщества // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 10. Журналистика. 2020. № 3. С. 3-28. https://doi.org/10.30547/vestnik.journ.3.2020.328.

Terchenko E.B. (2020) Influence of Publications in the Mass Media for Decision-Making by Representatives of Russian Business Community. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 10. Zhurnalistika. No 3: 3-28. https://doi.org/10.30547/vestnik.journ.3.2020.328. (In Russ.)

Barber B. (1983) The Logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Bodrunova S., Litvinenko A. (2016) Fragmentation of Society and Media Hybridisation in Today’s Russia: How Facebook Voices Collective Demands. The Journal of Social Policy Studies. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 113-124.

Couldry N., Hepp A. (2016) The Mediated Construction of Reality. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Chung C.J., Nam Y., Stefanone M.A. (2012) Exploring Online News Credibility: The Relative Influence of Traditional and Technological Factors. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. No. 17. P. 171-186.

Deuze M., Fortunati L. (2011) Atypical Newswork. Atypical Media Management. In: Deuze M. (ed.) Managing Media Work. London: SAGE. P. 111-120.

Dworznik G., Garvey A. (2018) Are We Teaching Trauma? Journalism Practice. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1423630.

Evans A.M., Stavrova O., Rosenbusch H., Brandt M.J. (2023) Expressions of Doubt in Online News Discussions. Social Science Computer Review. Vol. 41. No. 1. P. 163-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211034163.

Faragó L., Kende A., Krekó P. (2020) We Only Believe in News That We Doctored Ourselves. Social Psychology. Vol. 51. No. 2. P. 77-90.

Flynn D.J., Nyhan B., Reifler J. (2017) The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics. Political Psychology. Vol. 38. No. S1. P. 127-150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394.

Gaziano C., McGrath K. (1986) Measuring the Concept of Credibility. Journalism Quarterly. No. 63. P. 451-462.

Giddens A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Hameleers M., Brosius A., de Vreese C.H. (2022) Whom to Trust? Media Exposure Patterns of Citizens with Perceptions of Misinformation and Disinformation Related to the News Media. European Journal of Communication. Vol. 37. Vol. 3. P. 237-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072667.

Hanitzsch T., Van Dalen A., Steindl N. (2017) Caught in the Nexus: A Comparative and Longitudinal Analysis of Public Trust in the Press. International Journal of Press/Politics. Vol. 23. No. 1. P. 3-23.

Heinbach D., Ziegele M., Quiring O. (2018) Sleeper Effect from Below: Long-Term Effects of Source Credibility and User Comments on the Persuasiveness of News Articles. New Media & Society. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 4765-4786. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818784472.

Hepp A., Krotz F. (2014) Mediatized Worlds: Culture and Society in a Media Age. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137300355.

Hjarvard S. (2008) The Mediatization of Society. A Theory of the Media as Agents of Social and Cultural Change. Nordicom Review. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 105-134. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0181.

Hutchinson J. (2021) Micro-Platformization for Digital Activism on Social Media. Information, Communication & Society. Vol. 24. No. 1. P. 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1629612.

Hudders L., De Jans S., De Veirman M. (2021) The Commercialization of Social Media Stars: A Literature Review and Conceptual Framework on the Strategic Use of Social Media Influencers. International Journal of Advertising. Vol. 40. No. 3. P. 327-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1836925.

Kay S., Mulcahy R., Parkinson J. (2020) When Less Is More: The Impact of Macro and Micro Social Media Influencers’ Disclosure. Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 36. No. 3-4. P. 248-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2020.1718740.

Kessler R., Sonnega A., Bromet E., Hughes M., Nelson C. (1995) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. Vol. 52. No. 12. P. 1048-1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012.

Knudsen E., Dahlberg S., Iversen M.H., Johannesson M.P., Nygaard S. (2022) How the Public Understands News Media Trust: An Open-Ended Approach. Journalism. Vol. 23. No. 11. P. 2347-2363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211005892.

Knobloch-Westerwick S. (2014) Choice and Preference in Media Use. Advances in Selective Exposure Theory and Research. New York, NY: Routledge.

Kohring M., Matthes J. (2007) Trust in News Media: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale. Communication Research. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 231—252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650206298071.

Mayer R.C., Davis J.H., Schoorman F.D. (1995) An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 20. P. 709-734.

Picard R.G. (ed.) (2000) Measuring Media Content, Quality, and Diversity: Approaches and Issues in Content Research. Turku: Media Economics, Content and Diversity Project and Media Group, Business Research and Development Centre.

Meijer I.C. (2013) Valuable Journalism: A Search for Quality from the Vantage Point of the User. Journalism. Vol. 14. No. 6. P. 754-770.

Meyer P. (1988) Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index. Journalism Quarterly. Vol. 65. P. 567-574.

Mitchell A., Gottfried J., Kiley J., Matsa K.E. (2014) Political Polarization and Media Habits. URL: https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/ (дата обращения: 10.11.2023).

Nadarevic L., Reber R., Helmecke A.J. et al. (2020) Perceived Truth of Statements and Simulated Social Media Postings: An Experimental Investigation of Source Credibility, Repeated Exposure, and Presentation Format. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. Vol. 5. No. 56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00251-4.

Napoli P.M. (2011) Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Newman E.J., Garry M., Bernstein D.M., Kantner J., Lindsay D.S. (2012) Nonprobative Photographs (Or Words) Inflate Truthiness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Vol. 19. P. 969-974. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0292-0.

Newman N., Fletcher R. (2017) Bias Bullshit and Lies: Audience Perspectives on Low Trust in the Media. Oxford: Reuters Institute.

Rubin A.M. (2009) Uses and Gratifications. An Evolving Perspective of Media Effects. In: Nabi R.L., Oliver M.B. (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Media Processes and Effects. London: Sage. P. 147-159.

Sarathchandra D., Haltinner K. (2023) How Media, Information Sources, and Trust Shape Climate Change Denial or Doubt. Social Currents. Vol. 10. No. 6. P. 583-602. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965231168785.

Segado-Boj F., Said-Hung E. (2022) Alternative Approaches to News: The Role of Media Distrust, Perceived Network Homophily, and Interests in News Topics. Revista de Comunicación. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 355-373. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC20.2-2021-AX19.

Shoemaker P., Reese S. (1996) Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. New York, NY: White Plains.

Skovsgaard M., Shehata A., Strömbäck J. (2016) Opportunity Structures for Selective Exposure: Investigating Selective Exposure and Learning in Swedish Election Campaigns Using Panel Survey Data. International Journal of Press/Politics. Vol. 21. No. 4. P. 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216658157.

Strömbäck J., Tsfati Y., Boomgaarden H., Damstra A., Lindgren E., Vliegenthart R., Lindholm T. (2020) News Media Trust and Its Impact on Media Use: Toward a Framework for Future Research. Annals of the International Communication Association. Vol. 44. No. 2. P. 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1755338.

Thompson V.A., Turner J.A., Pennycook G. (2011) Intuition, Reason, and Metacognition. Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 63. No. 3. P. 107-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.06.001.

Tsfati Y., Ariely G. (2014) Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in Media Across 44 Countries. Communication Research. Vol. 41. No. 6. P. 760-782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213485972.

Tsfati Y., Cappella J.N. (2003) Do People Watch What They Do Not Trust? Exploring the Association Between News Media Skepticism and Exposure. Communication Research. Vol. 30. No. 5. P. 504—529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371.

Tsfati Y., Cappella J.N. (2005) Why Do People Watch News They Do Not Trust? The Need for Cognition as a Moderator in the Association Between News Media Skepticism and Exposure. Media Psychology. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 251-271. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0703_2.

Unkelbach C., Greifeneder R. (2018) Experiential Fluency and Declarative Advice Jointly Inform Judgments of Truth. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 79. P. 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.06.010.

Urban J., Schweiger W. (2014) News Quality from the Recipients’ Perspective. Journalism Studies. Vol. 15. No. 6. P. 821-840.

Webster J.G., Ksiazek T.B. (2012) The Dynamics of Audience Fragmentation: Public Attention in an Age of Digital Media. Journal of Communication. Vol. 62. No. 1. P. 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x.

Published

2024-12-29

How to Cite

Vyrkovsky, A. V., & Shamsutdinova, Y. F. (2024). The Category of Trust in Mass Media in the Conditions of Information Turbulence: Time to Update the Concepts? . Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, (6). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2024.6.2529

Issue

Section

MEDIA SOCIOLOGY