Поведенческие аномалии экономических решений и возможности их преодоления
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2024.3.2547Ключевые слова:
поведенческая экономика, ограниченная рациональность, поведенческие аномалии, социально-демографические особенности, обзор литературыАннотация
В статье представлен обзор поведенческих аномалий, проявляющихся в разных сферах жизни человека и на разных этапах принятия решения. Логика описания поведенческих аномалий выстроена в соответствии с возможностью влиять на их возникновение: мы начинаем с аномалий в предпочтениях — наболее устойчивом паттерне, переходя далее к нестандартным убеждениям, которые могут быть скорректированы компаниями и регулирующими органами. Далее мы обсуждаем нестандартное принятие решений — сферу, которая потенциально связана с возможностью государства и фирм влиять на людей. В статье описываются особенности нестандартных предпочтений: 1) предпочтений с точками отсчета, означающих, что человек оценивает полезность объекта в зависимости от тех ориентиров, с которыми он сравнивает его или его характеристики, 2) неустойчивых во времени предпочтений, которые предполагают несовершенство самоконтроля человека и более сильное влияние текущих выгод и издержек на решения по сравнению с отложенными, 3) социальных предпочтений, которые объясняют, как люди реагируют на социальные стимулы, то есть на действия, ожидания и выигрыши других людей. Кроме того, в статье обсуждаются последствия использования людьми несовершенных суждений — смещенных относительно реальности или шумных (статистических суждений, учета мнения других людей, эвристик и др.). Формулировка выбора и восприятие его человеком могут приводить к возникновению аномалий при принятии решений, что лежит в основе архитектуры выбора и теории подталкивания (или наджинга). В заключении авторы суммируют результаты исследований о различиях в выраженности поведенческих аномалий в разных социально-демографических группах, что позволяет использовать обобщенные в статье особенности поведения людей при рассмотрении широкого круга вопросов, связанных с деятельностью компаний и экономической политикой.
Библиографические ссылки
Ахременко А.С., Бродовская Е.В. Влияние новых информационно-коммуникационных технологий на гражданский и политический активизм: «линии напряжения» дискуссионного поля // Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. 2021. No 6. С. 4—27. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.2111.
Akhremenko A. S., Brodovskaya E. V. (2021) Impact of New Information and Communication Technologies on Civic and Political Activism: «Tension Lines» of the Discussion Field. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes. No. 6. P. 4–27. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.2111. (In Russ.)
Канеман Д. (2018) Думай медленно… решай быстро: перевод с английского. Москва: АСТ.
Kahneman D. (2018). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Moscow: AST. (In Russ.)
Капелюшников Р. И. Поведенческая экономика и «новый» патернализм. Часть II // Вопросы экономики. 2013. № 10. С. 28-46. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-10-28-46.
Kapeliushnikov R. (2013) Behavioral Economics and New Paternalism (Part II). Voprosy Ekonomiki. No. 10. P. 28-46. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-10-28-46. (In Russ.)
Acland D., Levy M. R. (2015) Naiveté, Projection Bias, and Habit Formation in Gym Attendance. Management Science. Vol. 61. No. 1. P. 146-160. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2091.
Ahmad M., Wu Q. (2022) Does Herding Behavior Matter in Investment Management and Perceived Market Efficiency? Evidence from an Emerging Market. Management Decision. Vol. 60. No. 8. P. 2148-2173. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2020-0867.
Al-Ubaydli O., List J. A. (2017) Field Experiments in Markets. In: Handbook of Economic Field Experiments. North-Holland. Vol. 1. P. 271-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.09.001.
Alevy J. E., Haigh M. S., List J. A. (2007) Information Cascades: Evidence from a Field Experiment with Financial Market Professionals. The Journal of Finance. Vol. 62. No. 1. P. 151-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01204.x.
Andreoni J. (1990) Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of Warm-Glow Giving. The Economic Journal. Vol. 100. No. 401. P. 464-477. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234133.
Ashraf N., Karlan D., Yin W. (2006) Tying Odysseus to the Mast: Evidence from a Commitment Savings Product in the Philippines. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 121. No. 2. P. 635-672. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.635.
Banerjee A. V., Duflo E., Glennerster R., Kothari D. (2010) Improving Immunisation Coverage in Rural India: Clustered Randomised Controlled Evaluation of Immunisation Campaigns with and without Incentives. BMJ. Vol. 340. No.2220. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2220.
Barber B. M., Odean T. (2001) Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence, and Common Stock Investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 116. No. 1. P. 261-292. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400.
Bartoš V., Bauer M., Chytilová J., Levely I. (2021) Psychological Effects of Poverty on Time Preferences. The Economic Journal. Vol. 131. No. 638. P. 2357-2382. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab007.
Bénabou R., Tirole J. (2006) Incentives and Prosocial Behavior. American Economic Review. Vol. 96. No. 5. P. 1652-1678. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1652.
Benartzi S., Thaler R. H. (1995) Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 110. No. 1. P. 73-92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118511.
Benjamin D. J., Brown S. A., Shapiro J. M. (2013) Who Is ‘Behavioral’? Cognitive Ability and Anomalous Preferences. Journal of the European Economic Association. Vol. 11. No. 6. P. 1231-1255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12055.
Bhati A., Hansen R. (2020) A Literature Review of Experimental Studies in Fundraising. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration. Vol. 3. No. 1. https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.31.129.
Bikhchandani S., Hirshleifer D., Tamuz O., Welch I. (2021) INformation Cascades and Social Learning (No. w28887). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28887.
Blumenstock J., Callen M., Ghani T. (2018) Why Do Defaults Affect Behavior? Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan. American Economic Review. Vol. 108. No. 10. P. 2868-2901. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171676.
Brenner L., Rottenstreich Y., Sood S., Bilgin, B. (2007) On the Psychology of Loss Aversion: Possession, Valence, and Reversals of the Endowment Effect. Journal of Consumer Research. Vol. 34. No. 3. P. 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1086/518545.
Breza E., Kaur S., Shamdasani Y. (2018) The Morale Effects of Pay Inequality. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 133. No. 2. P. 611-663. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx041.
Brown R., Montalva V., Thomas D., Velásquez, A. (2019) Impact of Violent Crime on Risk Aversion: Evidence from the Mexican Drug War. Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 101. No. 5. P. 892-904. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00788.
Bryan G., Karlan D., Nelson S. (2010) Commitment Devices. Annual Review of Economics. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 671-698. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124324.
Burks S. V., Carpenter J. P., Goette L., Rustichini A. (2009) Cognitive Skills Affect Economic Preferences, Strategic Behavior, and Job Attachment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 106. No. 19. P. 7745-7750. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812360106.
Busse M. R., Pope D. G., Pope J. C., Silva-Risso J. (2015) The Psychological Effect of Weather on Car Purchases. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 130. No. 1. P. 371-414. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju033.
Callen M., Isaqzadeh M., Long J. D., Sprenger C. (2014) Violence and Risk Preference: Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan. American Economic Review. Vol. 104. No. 1. P. 123-148. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.1.123.
Cappelen A., List J., Samek A., Tungodden B. (2020) The Effect of Early-Childhood Education on Social Preferences. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 128. No. 7. P. 2739-2758. https://doi.org/10.1086/706858.
Card D., Mas A., Moretti E., Saez E. (2012) Inequality at Work: The Effect of Peer Salaries on Job Satisfaction. American Economic Review. Vol. 102. No. 6. P. 2981-3003. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.6.2981.
Carlsson F., Johansson-Stenman O., Nam, P. K. (2014) Social Preferences Are Stable over Long Periods of Time. Journal of Public Economics. Vol. 117. P. 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.05.009.
Carrillo B. (2020) Present Bias and Underinvestment in Education? Long-Run Effects of Childhood Exposure to Booms in Colombia. Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 38. No. 4. P. 1127-1265. https://doi.org/10.1086/706535.
Carvalho L. S., Meier S., Wang S. W. (2016) Poverty and Economic Decision-Making: Evidence from Changes in Financial Resources at Payday. American Economic Review. Vol. 106. No. 2. P. 260-284. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140481.
Chang T. Y., Huang W., Wang Y. (2018) Something in the Air: Pollution and the Demand for Health Insurance. The Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 85. No. 3. P. 1609–1634. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy016.
Chapman J., Dean M., Ortoleva P., Snowberg E., Camerer C. (2023) Econographics. Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 115-161. https://doi.org/10.1086/723044.
Cheung K. S., Yiu C. Y. (2022) Public Perception of Flood Hazards in the Housing Market: A Revealed Preference Study of Affect Heuristics and Availability Heuristics. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Vol. 75. No. 102977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102977.
Chuang Y., Schechter L. (2015) Stability of Experimental and Survey Measures of Risk, Time, and Social Preferences: A Review and Some New Results. Journal of Development Economics. Vol. 117. P. 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.008.
Compen B., Pitthan F., Schelfhout W., De Witte K. (2022) How to Elicit and Cease Herding Behaviour? On the Effectiveness of a Warning Message as a Debiasing Decision Support System. Decision Support Systems. Vol. 152. No. 113652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2021.113652.
Cookson J. A., Engelberg J. E., Mullins W. (2023) Echo Chambers. The Review of Financial Studies. Vol. 36. No. 2. P. 450-500. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhac058.
Cotofan M., Cassar L., Dur R., Meier S. (2023) Macroeconomic Conditions When Young Shape Job Preferences for Life. Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 105. No. 2. P. 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01057.
Croson R., Gneezy U. (2009) Gender Differences in Preferences. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 47. No. 2. P. 448-474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448.
Damgaard M. T., Nielsen H. S. (2018) Nudging in Education. Economics of Education Review. Vol. 64. P. 313-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.03.008.
Della Vigna S., Malmendier U. (2006) Paying Not to Go to the Gym. American Economic Review. Vol. 96. No. 3. P. 694-719. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.694.
Della Vigna S. (2009) Psychology and Economics: Evidence from the Field. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 47. No. 2. P. 315-372. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.315.
Di Falco S., Berck P., Bezabih M., Köhlin G. (2019) Rain and Impatience: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. Vol. 160. P. 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.02.016.
Dogerlioglu-Demir K., Koçaş C., Cavdar Aksoy N. (2023) The Role of Presentation Order in Consumer Choice: The Abrupt Disparity Effect. Marketing Letters. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-022-09643-6.
Dohmen T., Falk A., Huffman D., Sunde U. (2010) Are Risk Aversion and Impatience Related to Cognitive Ability? American Economic Review. Vol. 100. No. 3. P. 1238-1260. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.1238.
Ellis C. J., Fender J. (2011) Information Cascades and Revolutionary Regime Transitions. The Economic Journal. Vol. 121. No. 553. P. 763-792. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02401.x.
Falk A., Kosfeld M. (2006) The Hidden Costs of Control. American Economic Review. Vol. 96. No. 5. P. 1611-1630. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1611.
Falk A., Becker A., Dohmen T. J., Huffman D., Sunde U. (2016) The Preference Survey Module: A Validated Instrument for Measuring Risk, Time, and Social Preferences. IZA Discussion Paper. No. 9674. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2725035.
Falk A., Becker A., Dohmen T., Enke B., Huffman D., Sunde U. (2018) Global Evidence on Economic Preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 133. No. 4. P. 1645–1692. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy013.
Fehr E., Fischbacher U. (2003) The Nature of Human Altruism. Nature. Vol. 425. No. 6960. P. 785-791. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02043.
Fehr E., Schmidt K. M. (1999) a Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 114. No. 3. P. 817-868. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556151.
Fisman R., Jakiela P., Kariv S. (2015) How Did Distributional Preferences Change during the Great Recession? Journal of Public Economics. Vol. 128. P. 84-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.06.001.
Flory J. A., Leibbrandt A., List J. A. (2015) Do Competitive Workplaces Deter Female Workers? A Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment on Job Entry Decisions. The Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 82. No. 1. P. 122-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu030.
Gabaix X. (2019) Behavioral Inattention. In: Handbook of Behavioral Economics: Applications and Foundations 1. Vol. 2. North-Holland. P. 261-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.11.001.
Gallagher J. (2014) Learning about an Infrequent Event: Evidence from Flood Insurance Take-up in the United States. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 206-233. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.6.3.206.
Gneezy U., Rustichini A. (2000) Pay Enough or Don’t Pay at All. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 115. No. 3. P. 791-810. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554917.
Gneezy U., Leonard K. L., List J. A. (2009) Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence from a Matrilineal and a Patriarchal Society. Econometrica. Vol. 77. No. 5. P. 1637-1664. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta6690.
Gneezy U., Meier S., Rey-Biel P. (2011) When and Why Incentives (Don’t) Work to Modify Behavior. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 25. No. 4. P. 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.4.191.
Grayot J. D. (2020) Dual Process Theories in Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics: A Critical Review. Review of Philosophy and Psychology. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 105-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-019-00446-9.
Greenberg S. A. (2009) How Citation Distortions Create Unfounded Authority: Analysis of a Citation Network. BMJ. Vol. 339. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2680.
Hattula J. D., Herzog W., Dhar R. (2023) The Impact of Touchscreen Devices on Consumers’ Choice Confidence and Purchase Likelihood. Marketing Letters. Vol. 34. No. 1. P. 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-022-09623-w.
Haushofer J., Fehr E. (2014) On the Psychology of Poverty. Science. Vol. 344. No. 6186. P. 862-867. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232491.
Henrich J., Boyd R., Bowles S., Camerer C., Fehr E., Gintis H., Tracer D. (2005) “Economic Man” in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Vol. 28. No. 6. P. 795-815. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05000142.
Herrmann B., Thöni C., Gächter S. (2008) Antisocial Punishment across Societies. Science. Vol. 319. No. 5868. P. 1362-1367. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153808.
Hoch S. J., Loewenstein G. F. (1991) Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Consumer Self-Control. Journal of Consumer Research. Vol. 17. No. 4. P. 492-507. https://doi.org/10.1086/208573.
Indārs E. R., Savin A., Lublóy Á. (2019) Herding Behaviour in an Emerging Market: Evidence From the Moscow Exchange. Emerging Markets Review. Vol. 38. P. 468-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2018.12.002.
Jakiela P., Ozier O. (2019) The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 101. No. 3. P. 547-559. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00763.
Janson B.O. (2023) The Timing of a Warning Message on Effectively Debiasing Herd Behavior in Financial Decisions. Business Economics. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2105/67688 (accessed 30.06.2024).
John A. (2020) When Commitment Fails: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Management Science. Vol. 66. No. 2. P. 503-529. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3236.
Kahneman D., Tversky A. (1979) Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica. Vol. 47. P. 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185.
Kahneman D., Knetsch J. L., Thaler R. H. (1991) Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias. Journal of Economic perspectives. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.193.
Kalil A., Mayer S., Shah R. (2023) Scarcity and Inattention. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper no. 2022-76. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4138637.
Kang M. I., Ikeda S. (2014) Time Discounting and Smoking Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Survey. Health Economics. Vol. 23. No. 12. P. 1443-1464. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.2998.
Keren G., Schul Y. (2009) Two Is Not Always Better than One: A Critical Evaluation of Two-System Theories. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Vol. 4. No. 6. P. 533-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01164.x.
Kroft K., Lange F., Notowidigdo M. J. (2013) Duration Dependence and Labor Market Conditions: Evidence from a Field Experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 128. No. 3. P. 1123-1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt015.
Kube S., Maréchal M. A., Puppe C. (2012) The Currency of Reciprocity: Gift Exchange in the Workplace. American Economic Review. Vol. 102. No. 4. P. 1644-1662. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1644.
Laibson D. (1997) Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 112. No. 2. P. 443-478. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555253.
Lee Y. J., Hosanagar K., Tan Y. (2015) Do I Follow My Friends or the Crowd? Information Cascades in Online Movie Ratings. Management Science. Vol. 61. No. 9. P. 2241-2258. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2082.
List J. A., Murphy J. J., Price M. K., James A. G. (2021) An Experimental Test of Fundraising Appeals Targeting Donor and Recipient Benefits. Nature Human Behaviour. Vol. 5. No. 10. P. 1339-1348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01095-8.
Lönnqvist J. E., Verkasalo M., Walkowitz G., Wichardt P. C. (2015) Measuring Individual Risk Attitudes in the Lab: Task or Ask? An Empirical Comparison. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol. 119. P. 254-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.08.003.
Malmendier U. (2021) FBBVA Lecture 2020 Exposure, Experience, and Expertise: Why Personal Histories Matter in Economics. Journal of the European Economic Association. Vol. 19. No. 6. P. 2857-2894. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab045.
Malmendier U., Nagel S. (2011) Depression Babies: Do Macroeconomic Experiences Affect Risk Taking? The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 126. No. 1. P. 373-416. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjq004.
Manoogian J., Benson B. (2017) Cognitive Bias Codex. URL: https://www.sog.unc.edu/sites/www.sog.unc.edu/files/course_materials/Cognitive%20Biases%20Codex.pdf (accessed 30.06.2024).
Meier S., Sprenger Ch. (2010) Present-Biased Preferences and Credit Card Borrowing. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.1.193.
Meissner T., Gassmann X., Faure C., Schleich J. (2023) Individual Characteristics Associated with Risk and Time Preferences: A Multi Country Representative Survey. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. Vol. 66. No. 1. P. 77-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-022-09383-y.
Mellström C., Johannesson M. (2008) Crowding Out in Blood Donation: Was Titmuss Right? Journal of the European Economic Association. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 845-863. https://doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2008.6.4.845.
Mertens S., Herberz M., Hahnel U. J., Brosch T. (2022) The Effectiveness of Nudging: A Meta-Analysis of Choice Architecture Interventions across Behavioral Domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 119. No. 1. Art. e2107346118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107346118.
Nguyen Q. (2016) Linking Loss Aversion and Present Bias with Overspending Behavior of Tourists: Insights from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment. Tourism Management. Vol. 54. No. 36. P. 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.019.
Niederle M., Vesterlund L. (2010) Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 24. No. 2. P. 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.129.
Nuscheler R., Roeder K. (2016) To Vaccinate or to Procrastinate? That is the Prevention Question. Health Economics. Vol. 25. No. 12. P. 1560-1581. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3268.
Oechssler J., Roider A., Schmitz P. W. (2009) Cognitive Abilities and Behavioral Biases. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol. 72. No. 1. P. 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.018.
Orihara M., Eshraghi A. (2022) Corporate Governance Compliance and Herding. International Review of Financial Analysis. Vol. 80. No. 102029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102029.
Osborne M. J., Rubinstein, A. (2003) Sampling Equilibrium, with an Application to Strategic Voting. Games and Economic Behavior. Vol. 45. No. 2. P. 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-8256(03)00147-7.
Ottoni-Wilhelm M., Vesterlund L., Xie H. (2017) Why Do People Give? Testing Pure and Impure Altruism. American Economic Review. Vol. 107. No. 11. P. 3617-3633. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141222.
Rao G. (2019) Familiarity Does Not Breed Contempt: Generosity, Discrimination, and Diversity in Delhi Schools. American Economic Review. Vol. 109. No. 3. P. 774-809. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180044.
Rose-Ackerman S. (1996) Altruism, Nonprofits, and Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 701-728. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2729219.
Scheibehenne B., Greifeneder R., Todd P. M. (2010) Can There Ever Be Too Many Options? A Meta-Analytic Review of Choice Overload. Journal of Consumer Research. Vol. 37. No. 3. P. 409-425. https://doi.org/10.1086/651235.
Schilbach F., Schofield H., Mullainathan S. (2016) The Psychological Lives of the Poor. American Economic Review. Vol. 106. No. 5. P. 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161101.
Serra-Garcia M., Gneezy U. (2021) Mistakes, Overconfidence, and the Effect of Sharing on Detecting Lies. American Economic Review. Vol. 111. No. 10. P. 3160-3183. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191295.
Shah A. K., Mullainathan S., Shafir E. (2012) Some Consequences of Having Too Little. Science. Vol. 338. No. 6107. P. 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426.
Soll J. B., Milkman K. L., Payne J. W. (2015) A User’s Guide to Debiasing. In: The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons. P. 924-951. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118468333.ch33.
Stango V., Zinman J. (2023) We Are All Behavioural, More, or Less: A Taxonomy of Consumer Decision-Making. The Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 90. No. 3. P. 1470-1498. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdac055.
Sunder S., Kim K. H., Yorkston E. A. (2019) What Drives Herding Behavior in Online Ratings? The Role of Rater Experience, Product Portfolio, and Diverging Opinions. Journal of Marketing. Vol. 83. No. 6. P. 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919875688.
Thaler R. H., Benartzi S. (2004) Save More Tomorrow™: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 112. No. S1. P. S164-S187. https://doi.org/10.1086/380085.
Thaler R., Sunstein C. (2009) Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness. Penguin Books.
Thaler M. (2024) The Fake News Effect: Experimentally Identifying Motivated Reasoning Using Trust in News. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20220146.
Thaler R. H., Sunstein C. R., Balz J. P. (2013) Choice Architecture. The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy. Vol. 25. P. 428-439. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv550cbm.31.
Thornhill C., Meeus Q., Peperkamp J., Berendt B. (2019) A Digital Nudge to Counter Confirmation Bias. Frontiers in Big Data. Vol. 2. No. 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2019.00011.
Wang M., Rieger M. O., Hens T. (2016) How Time Preferences Differ: Evidence from 53 Countries. Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 52. P. 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.12.001.
Wang Y., Sloan F. A. (2018) Present Bias and Health. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. Vol. 57. No. 2. P. 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-018-9289-z.
Weber M., Camerer C. F. (1998) The Disposition Effect in Securities Trading: An Experimental Analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol. 33. No. 2. P. 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(97)00089-9.
White J. S., Dow W. H. (2015) Intertemporal Choices for Health. In Roberto Ch. A., Kawachi I. (eds.) Behavioral Economics and Public Health. New York, NY: Oxford Academic. P. 27-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398331.003.0002.
Zhang J. (2010) The Sound of Silence: Observational Learning in the US Kidney Market. Marketing Science. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 315-335. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1090.0500.
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2024 Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование — На тех же условиях») 4.0 Всемирная.
